Our findings highlight the involvement of members of two major UGT families, UGT33 and UGT40, in the glycosylation of BXDs. Here, we identify UGTs involved in BXD detoxification by FAW larvae and examine how RNAi-mediated manipulation of the larval glucosylation capacity toward the major maize BXD, DIMBOA, affects larval growth. DIMBOA, the main BXD aglucone released by maize leaves, can be stereoselectively re-glucosylated by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in the insect gut, rendering it non-toxic. BXDs stored as inert glucosides are converted into toxic aglucones by plant glucosidases upon herbivory. Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm (FAW), accepts a number of plants as hosts, and has particular success on plants of the Poaceae family such as maize, despite their benzoxazinoid (BXD) defenses. The relationship between plants and insects is continuously evolving, and many insects rely on biochemical strategies to mitigate the effects of toxic chemicals in their food plants, allowing them to feed on well-defended plants. 4Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.3Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.
2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.1Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.Heckel 1, Jonathan Gershenzon 1 and Daniel Giddings Vassão 1* Wouters 1,2, Katrin Luck 1, Elena Seibel 1, Seung-Joon Ahn 3, Christian Paetz 1, Maximilian Reinert 1, Heiko Vogel 1, Matthias Erb 4, David G. Sampling can be done with a sweep net or traps if armyworm populations need to be monitored.Bhawana Israni 1, Felipe C. There is some evidence that biological controls may help limit armyworm populations.īecause the pest does not typically cause economic harm, insecticides are not routinely recommended. Due to limited research, it is unclear what strategies work best to control this pest. Wheat head armyworm is not typically a pest that causes economic harm, although sporadic incidents of major economic damage have been reported.
However, this pest is generally not an economic concern for most growers. Characteristic damage is indicated by a small hole bored in the base of florets. Feeding on wheat heads at night is most common. Research in Washington by Diana Roberts and colleagues noted up to 35% yield losses due to this insect in spring wheat trials near Davenport. Larvae developing from these eggs then feed on wheat from May into the summer. Moths emerge in the spring months and lay eggs on wheat or barley. Armyworms are moth caterpillars that vary in color (gray or green) with a distinct yellow, white, and brown stripe along the body.
Armyworms can be problematic pests in cereal grains.
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